在参考文献中，参考文献后的期刊字母与书籍字母分...-问答

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在参考文献中，参考文献后的期刊字母与书籍字母分别是什么？

龚宁角 2019-12-21 12:56:00

推荐回答

常出现的参考文献中的字母代表报告。拓展资料国家期刊出版格式要求在中图分类号的下面应标出文献标识码，规定如下：作者可从下列A、B、C、D、E中选用一种标识码来揭示文章的性质：A—理论与应用研究学术论文包括综述报告;B—实用性成果报告科学技术、理论学习与社会实践总结科技;C—业务指导与技术管理的文章包括特约评论;D—一般性通讯、报导、专访等;E—文件、资料、人物、书刊、知识介绍等。注：英文的文献标识码应与中文对应。

黄相柏2019-12-21 13:21:31

提示您：回答为网友贡献，仅供参考。

为您推荐: 理财投资贷款股票基金信托外汇保险信用卡贵金属债券

其他回答

文后参考文献标示码有多种，期刊为J，图书为M，报纸为N，专利文献为P，会议论文为C，标准文献为S，学位论文为D，汇编为G，报告为R，电子公告为EB，数据库为DB，计算机程序为CP。载体形式有磁带-MT，磁盘-DK，光盘-CD，联机网络-OL。电子文献需要标出载体形式，如，网上电子公告为EB/OL，光盘图书为M/CD，等。

黄真池2019-12-21 13:39:02
M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——研究报告S——标准P——专利A——专著、论文集中的析出文献Z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识：DB——数据库CP——计算机程序EB——电子公告非纸张型载体电子文献，在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型：DB/OL——联机网上的数据库DB/MT——磁带数据库M/CD——光盘图书CP/DK——磁盘软件J/OL——网上期刊EB/OL——网上电子公告。

贾龙睿2019-12-21 13:08:51

相关问答

求一篇有关电力系统的英文文献最好带翻译不胜感激

sorry，无中文翻译，有但超过字数First, introduction an ideal electrical power system is by the sole constant frequency and the stipulation peak-to-peak value regulated voltage power supply. But in fact, as a result of the recent years along with science''s and technology''s unceasing development, the high efficiency traded the class equipment and the modulator use, high in the electrical power system presses the nonlinear element which the direct current transmission the application, the massive misalignment load''s appearance as well as the power supply system itself existed and so on to cause in the system''s voltage waveform distortion to be getting more and more serious, has caused the very big harm to the electrical power system, for example: Causes in the power supply system the part to lose increases, reduces current collector''s service life, to disturb the communication system and so on. Serious when even can also cause equipment the damage, automatic control malfunction, relay protection misoperation, thus creates the power cut accident and so on and other questions. So-called " the friend knows other, is undefeated in many battles ", therefore, must realize to the electrical network overtone comprehensive program of public order, must make clear the overtone origin and the electrical network in under the each different movement way the overtone tidal current distributed situation, adopts the corresponding measure limit and the harmonic cancellation, thus changes the friendly power supply system power supply quality and guarantees system''s security economy movement.Second, electrical power system overtone''s origin in the electrical power system the overtone source is many and varied. Mainly has the following several kinds: in 1, system''s each kind of misalignment current collector for example: Trades the class equipment, the modulator, the electrification railroad, the arc furnace, fluorescence the lamp, the domestic electric appliances as well as each kind of electronic energy conservation control device and so on is the electrical power system overtone important source. Even if these equipment supplies its ideal sine wave voltage, it uses the electric current is also non-linear, namely has the harmonic current existence. And these the equipment produces the harmonic current will also pour into the electrical power system, will cause system each place voltage to have the harmonic component. These equipment''s harmony the wave content decided that in its characteristic and the working condition, basically has nothing to do with the electrical power system parameter, may regard as overtone constant flow the source. 2, the power supply system itself exists the nonlinear element is overtone another origin. These nonlinear element mainly has the transformer to stir up the capacitor which, the reactor group the magnetism leg, the alternating and direct convertor station''s silicon-controlled rectifier controlling element, the silicon-controlled rectifier control and so on.3rd, like the fluorescent lamp, the domestic electric appliances and so on single capacity is not big, but quantity and spreads very greatly in each place, electric power department with difficulty management current collector. If these equipment''s current harmonics content is oversized, will then have the serious influence to the electrical power system, to this kind of equipment''s current harmonics content, when manufacture namely should limit in certain quantity scope. 4, the generator send out overtone electric potential. The generator will send out the overtone electric potential at the same time also to have the overtone electric potential production, its overtone electricity the potential will be decided by generator''s structure and the working condition, basically will have nothing to do with the external connection impedance. Therefore may regard as overtone constant pressure source , but its value is very small. the three, electrical power system overtone tidal current calculates the so-called electrical power system overtone tidal current computation, is through solution network equation In=YnUn n=3,5,7 ...... n: Agrees wave number the number. In is the overtone source load pours into electrical network''s n subharmonic electric current row vector. Yn is electrical network''s n subharmonic conductance. Un is in the electrical network a various nodes bus bar n subharmonic voltage row vector. Obtains in the electrical network various nodes bus bar the harmonic voltage, enters to obtain in various legs'' harmonic current.When in the electrical power system the existence has the overtone source, this time in the system the contact voltage and the branch current will have the higher harmonic. For the determination harmonic voltage and harmonic current''s in power supply system distribution, needed to carry on to the overtone impedance constitution equivalent circuit the tidal current computation, when simultaneously in the rectifier unit power supply system possessed forbearance the part existed, but must act according to various legs overtone impedance the nature and the size, whether there is examined the resonant situation. carries on the overtone tidal current computation, must first determine the electrical network part''s overtone impedance. 3.1, electrical network each kind of part''s overtone impedance: 1, synchronous generator''s overtone impedance the qualified generator''s electric potential is the pure sine, does not include the higher harmonic, its generator electric potential only exists in the fundamental wave network. in higher harmonic network, because the generator overtone electric potential is very small, this time the visible generator overtone electric potential is zero. Therefore its and so on the value electric circuit is the junctor end and neutral point overtone reactance .And XGn=nXG1-------------1 in the formula XG1 is when a fundamental wave generator''s zero foreword, the positive sequence or the negative sequence reactance, has this subharmonic foreword characteristic to decide , if needs to take into account the network to lose, regarding the generator, may its impedance angle according to 85 degrees estimates, regarding the transmission line, part''s and so on transformer and load equivalent generators, may its impedance angle according to 75 degrees estimates. . 2, transformer''s overtone impedance the electrical power system overtone''s peak-to-peak value often is elevates along with the frequency weakens, therefore in the fundamental wave tidal current computation high tension line , often neglects transformer''s initiation leg and the capacitance between turns particularly. When calculates the harmonic current, only considers transformer''s leakage reactance, and thought that recognizes the frequency with the harmonic order to be proportional. Generally, as soon as transformer''s equivalent circuit simplifies for links to meet the original vice-mid-side node overtone reactance **** *** is the transformer fundamental wave leakage reactance. under higher harmonic''s function, the winding internal kelvin effect and approaches the effect to increase, by now transformer''s resistance harmonic order''s square was proportional approximately with the , this time''s transformer overtone impedance is: Zn=sqrtnRT1+jnXT1-------------------------------3 And RT1 is the fundamental wave time-variable depressor''s resistance. regarding the three-phase winding transformer, may use the star equivalent circuit, on its overtone impedance computation side Fathom. when the overtone source pours into when higher harmonic current three-phase not symmetry, then must figures out the three-phase overtone impedance according to transformer''s wiring way and various forewords impedance meter . 3 reactor''s overtone impedance , when only takes into account the reactor induction reactance, to the n subharmonic frequency is: XLn=Nxl*UN/sqrt3IN 4, transmission line''s overtone impedance the transmission line has the uniform distribution parameter electric circuit, passes through the transmission line which change positionss completely to be possible to regard as is three-phase symmetrical. in tidal current computation, usually by lumped parameter PI equivalent circuit expression. Following chart: in takes into account in the distribution characteristic situation, then: ZLn=Znshrnl Yln/2=chrnl-1/Znshrnl ZN and RN respectively be regarding in this subharmonic when line''s wave impedance and propagation constant. Zn=sqrtZ0n/Y0n Rn=sqrtZ0nYon Z0N and Y0N respectively be this subharmonic when transmission line unit length impedance and conductance five, load overtone impedance .When overtone tidal current computation, the fundamental wave part may pour into power regarding according to the node, but regards as in the overtone network it is the constant impedance, may think that approximately the synthesis load is an equivalent electric motor. Its synthesis load''s overtone equivalent resistance value is: ZN=SQRT N R1+JNX1 R1, X1 is the fundamental wave equivalent electric motor''s negative sequence resistance, the reactance, its value may by this node fundamental wave voltage, power the value obtain after the conversion. the zero foreword electric current will not enter the load generally, thus in zero foreword''s higher harmonic network, may neglect shoulders the leg. when after has determined in the electric circuit various electrical element''s overtone impedance, may constitute an overtone function equivalent circuit, with the aim of carrying on the computation, under when plan overtone function equivalent circuit should pay attention to the following several characteristics: 1, the overtone function''s equivalent circuit, should take the rectifier unit as a center, according to actual wiring constitution, therefore the rectification installs to set regards as the overtone source, but electrical power system''s generator is not appears by the energy, but as overtone source loaded impedance part. 2, the circuit element impedance may use the famous value to carry on the computation, may also use the sign Yao value to carry on the computation. When uses famous value carries on the computation, the complete electric circuit should convert to some voltage reference, is advantageous for the analysis and the application. 3 in the general computation, part''s all resistances may neglect, but when system some part occurs either close parallel or strings together the joint resonance, this time''s resistance influence actually cannot neglect. 4, in harmonic current approximate calculation, what determined is the rectifier unit side total harmonic current, according to and so on overtone function the effect electric circuit, can determine various legs harmonic current and the voltage distribution. the 3.2nd, overtone tidal current calculates 3.2.1, not to allow the part network overtone tidal current to calculate 1, symmetrical system''s overtone tidal current to calculate in the symmetrical system the three-phase situation to be the same, therefore may calculate according to a situation. when has determined the rectifier unit, no matter what after one side total harmonic current, the union overtone equivalent circuit, may determine in the system network, no matter what a leg''s harmonic current distribution. Then again pours into the harmonic current according to the node harmonic voltage and the node relational I=YU in its , Y is overtone conductance, might determine each place node harmonic voltage. Then may extract the tidal current power. It counts to calculate that the step is as follows: , the basis give the operating condition, by usual tidal current computational method solution fundamental wave tidal current. , according to the overtone source working condition, determined other related parameters and need to calculate harmonic order. , calculates various parts overtone parameter, forms various subharmonics node admittance matrix, and calculates the corresponding overtone net to pour into the electric current. , by type IN=YNUN determined that various nodes the harmonic voltage, and calculates various legs harmonic power. in which, should pay attention has the overtone injection current which the overtone instrumental measurement leaves, its phase angle is opposite in the fundamental current phase angle. Therefore after extracting the fundamental current, must carry on the overtone injection current phase angle the revision. Similarly, the system node''s power is the fundamental wave power with agrees sum of the wave power, therefore the fundamental wave pours into the power also to carry on the revision. But the linear load''s place fundamental wave pours into the power not to need to revise. 2, the symmetrical system overtone tidal current calculates in the symmetrical system, the three-phase situation is various, moreover mutual influence, must therefore simultaneously carry on three-phase system''s idea to calculate. the symmetrical net tidal current''s computation may divide into the network various subharmonics network, calculates the fundamental wave network first, after obtaining various nodes fundamental wave the voltage, calculates various overtones tidal current according to it each injection current, then presses this overtone injection current to resolve various subharmonics net to wind the equation, extracts various nodes various subharmonics voltage. 3.2.2, in the rectifier unit power supply system possesses forbearance the part has when the overtone tidal current to calculate , when in the rectifier unit power supply system possesses forbearance the part exists, the capacitor to rectifier unit''s phase change process and voltage current wave the shape is influential. Generally under the base frequency, the induction reactance and the capacitance leg''s parameter differs really in a big way in the value, does not send produces the resonance effect, but a rectifier unit''s non-sinusoidal return route, may regard as is several different frequencies and oscillation amplitude sine electric potential the comprehensive result which affects separately in the return route, because the induction reactance frequency characteristic and the capacitance frequency characteristic are just opposite, have the possibility subharmonic both value to be close in some under the , have the resonance effect. When besides carries on the normal overtone tidal current computation, but also wants to act according to various legs overtone impedance the nature and the size, whether there is examines the resonance. four, summarize in the electrical power system''s overtone appearance, regarding the electrical power system movement is one kind " the pollution ". They reduced systemic voltage the unreliable profile quality, not only has affected electrical power system oneself seriously, moreover also harms the user and the periphery communications system. therefore to the electrical power system overtone''s research regarding the improvement electrical energy quality, suppresses with the harmonic cancellation has vital significance . 。

股票投资风险的文献综述

现在越来越多的人投身外汇市场，一些新手就总会问一个问题：外汇投资真的赚钱吗？风险大吗？外汇市场收益诱人，当然也伴随着一些风险，收益越大往往伴随的风险也就越大。在收益不小的外汇市场上，如果不对其中的风险稍加防范，则势必会造成损失。下面恒赢学院带你了解一下外汇投资理财有哪些风险以及如何避免这些风险。市场需注意的风险都有哪些？▌外部因素的剧烈变动影响外汇价格变动的因素突然之间发生巨大变动，例如重要经济指标的变动、爆发政变、政府政策的改变等等，会使外汇价格有一个较大的波动，投资者还没有来得及给予回应时，会存在一定的风险。出现的分歧，造成美国政府停摆17日。期间政府停止工作，经济数据也停止发布，美元指数低迷，非美货币纷纷不同程度获益。▌操作风险操作风险由于投资者在投资过程中，“贪”、“怕”、“赌”的心理作怪而造成的损失。因为市场在随时变化，心态随着市场调整是最重要的。很多投资者在投资过程中觉得，“再等等，我还能收益更多”、或者在没有分析市场的情况下认为“我猜这个货币对会涨”这样都有可能造成损失。▌网络技术风险这种风险往往是最难避免的，由于外汇投资都是通过网络下订单的，电子信息系统的技术性和管理性安全就成为网络交易运行的较为重要的技术风险。这种风险既来自计算机系统停机、磁盘列阵破坏等不确定因素，也来自网络外部的数字攻击，以及计算机病毒破坏等因素。那么对于以上几点风险究竟怎样避免呢？首先投资者需摆正心态，外汇市场有得有失，在投资中切不可出现侥幸心理，认为自己可以再等等，也许收益会更多或者损失会变小，市场随时在变，随着市场走势改变自己的投资策略也是必要的。其次投资者需提高自己的投资技巧，不可单纯靠“我感觉”“我觉得”去下单投资，外汇市场随走向不定，但均有理可循，若掌握了其因果线索，当会大大提高投资者的收益概率。最后投资者需时刻关注市场动向，关注市场暗藏的风险，及时做出反应，不谈收益，至少可以减少自己的损失。

求毕业论文中关于层次分析法风险投资决策.相关的英文文献并附中文翻译。

的！⑴首先就不要有马上毕业，最后一次花点钱就得了的想法⑵只有自己写论文，做设计才能顺利的毕业⑶在这里我给出方法，以及相关资料寻找的网址，请认真阅读⑷否则，真的可能导致预想不到的后果！====================================================================❶中国知网也好、万方数据也好都有大量的原创论文！❷并且，大部分的院校都有免费的接口！❸如果真没有免费的接口，那就知道悬赏求助下载吧！❹要是要外文的论文准备翻译的话，最好的办法就是，然后在网上查找几份类似的文章。❸通读一些相关资料，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！看看别人都从哪些方面写这个东西！❹参照你们学校的论文的格式，列出提纲，接着要将提纲给你们老师看看，再修改。等老师同意你这个提纲之后，你就可以补充内容！❺也可以把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后,网上就查不到了。

急需一篇有关中国企业参与国际投资的风险及对策外文及翻译。。不胜感激，急需。在线求解。。。。。

Ifyouprovidemetheopportunity,Iwouldbeobliged。

与行政审批有关的论文或书籍期刊

行政审批是指行政机关包括有行政审批权的其他组织根据自然人、法人或者其他组织提出的申请，经过依法审查，采取“批准”、“同意”、“年检”发放证照等方式，准予其从事特定活动、认可其资格资质、确认特定民事关系或者特定民事权利能力和行为能力的行为。行政审批是行政审核和行政批准的合称。行政审核又称行政认可，其实质是行政机关对行政相对人行为合法性、真实性进行审查、认可，实践中经常表现为盖公章；行政批准又称行政许可，其实质是行政主体同意特定相对人取得某种法律资格或实施某种行为，实践中表现为许可证的发放。行政审核与行政批准经常联系起来使用，只有符合有关条件才能获得许可证，而且还需定期检验，如果没有违反规定的情况出现，就由有关机关在许可证上盖章，表示对相对人状态合法性的认可。总之，行政审批是根据法律规定的条件，由实际执法部门来审核是否符合条件的行为.。

外文期刊的参考文献格式怎么写？

参考文献格式与论文的类型有很大关系，如果你投的是国外的期刊或者国际学术会议，参考文献是英文的，其格式是不会按照我国的规范来弄。如果你投的是国内的期刊，你一般期刊官网会提供有参考文献格式详细说明和论文标准范文，如果没有提供，你可以搜：普刊学术中心，有很多参考文献格式说明和相关论文提纲等学习资料。全文。

中小企业融资探讨的参考文献

中小企业融资困难的成因与对策分析论文可以给你一份。

论文中引言与摘要的区别？

1、从内容上区分摘要是以提供论文内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地论述论文重要内容的短文，其基本要素包括研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。引言则是简要说明研究工作的目的、范围、相关领域的前人工作和知识空白、理论基础和分析，研究设想、研究方法和实践设计,预期结果和意义等。2、从特点上区分摘要具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与论文同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文就能获得必要信息。引言是论文正文的一部分，是论文的前奏,它不具备独立性和自明性，不能单独成篇。3、从功能上区分摘要能使读者了解论文的主要内容，当读者检索到论文题名后是否继续阅读论文的其他部分，主要通过阅读摘要来进行判断；同时摘要为科技情报人员和计算机检索提供方便。引言主要是提出论文中研究的问题，引导读者阅读和理解全文。摘要--前言。

商业银行消费信贷业务风险与防范的文献综述

1、资金风险。2、市场风险。3、高杠杆风险。4、网络交易风险。通——汇——国——际。

急求一篇与中国保险资金投资的风险防范研究有关的外文期刊文献在线等。。。。。。。。。。

童鞋！相关的文献我倒是找到了不少！点击查看！网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：----------------------------------------------------------❶ISIwebofknowledgeEngineeringVillage2❷ElsevierSDOL数据库IEEE/IEEIEL❸EBSCOhostRSC英国皇家化学学会❹ACM美国计算机学会ASCE美国土木工程师学会❺Springer电子期刊WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库❻Nature周刊NetLibrary电子图书❼ProQuest学位论文全文数据库❽国道外文专题数据库CALIS西文期刊目次数据库❾推荐使用ISIwebofknowledgeEngineeringVillage2-----------------------------------------------------------中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！所以，很容易过去的！祝运。

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