GeorgeSorosbornAugust12,1930,inBudapest,Hungary,asGy?rgySchwartzisaJewishAmericancurrencyspeculator,stockinvestor,businessman,philanthropist,andpoliticalactivist.Sorosisestimatedcurrentlytobewortharound$9.0billioninnetworth;heisrankedbyForbesasthe101st-richestpersonintheworld.SorosischairmanofSorosFundManagementandtheOpenSocietyInstituteandisalsoaformermemberoftheBoardofDirectorsoftheCouncilonForeignRelations.HeisalsooneofthreeinitialfundersofCenterforAmericanProgress,andisrepresentedontheboard.HisfundingandorganizationofGeorgia''sRoseRevolutionwasconsideredbyRussianandWesternobserverstohavebeencrucialtoitssuccess,althoughSorossaidhisrolehasbeengreatlyexaggerated.IntheUnitedStates,heisknownforhavingdonatedlargesumsofmoneyinafailedefforttodefeatPresidentGeorgeW.Bush''sbidforre-electionin2004.FormerFederalReserveChairmanPaulVolckerwrotein2003intheforewordofSoros''bookTheAlchemyofFinance:GeorgeSoroshasmadehismarkasanenormouslysuccessfulspeculator,wiseenoughtolargelywithdrawwhenstillwayaheadofthegame.Thebulkofhisenormouswinningsisnowdevotedtoencouragingtransitionalandemergingnationstobecome''opensocieties,''opennotonlyinthesenseoffreedomofcommercebut—moreimportant—tolerantofnewideasanddifferentmodesofthinkingandbehavior.BiographyFamilyGeorgeSoros,isthesonoftheEsperantistwriterTivadarSoros.TivadaralsoknownasTeodorowasaHungarianJew,whowasaprisonerofwarduringandafterWorldWarIandeventuallyescapedfromRussiatorejoinhisfamilyinBudapest.Thefamilychangeditsnamein1936fromSchwartztoSoros,inresponsetogrowinganti-semitismwiththeriseofFascism.Tivadarlikedthenewnamebecauseitisapalindromeandbecauseithasameaning.AlthoughthespecificmeaningisleftunstatedinKaufmann''sbiography,inHungarian,sorosmeans"nextinline,ordesignatedsuccessor",andinEsperanto,itmeans"willsoar".HissonGeorgewastaughttospeakEsperantofrombirthandthusisoneoftherarenativeEsperantospeakers.GeorgeSoroslatersaidthathegrewupinaJewishhome,andthathisparentswerecautiouswiththeirreligiousroots.However,Soros''sfatherwasproudofhisJewishrootswhichcanbeseeninhismemoironhisexperiencesduringtheholocaust,Masquerade.GeorgeSoroshasbeenmarriedanddivorcedtwice,toAnnalieseWitschak,andtoSusanWeberSoros.Hehasfivechildren:Robert,Andrea,Jonathanwithhisfirstwife,Annaliese;Alexander,Gregorywithhissecondwife,Susan.HiselderbrotherPaulSoros,anengineer,isawell-knownphilanthropist,investor,andNewYorksocialite.NativeHungary,andmovetoEnglandSoroswasthirteenyearsoldinMarch1944whenNaziGermanytookmilitarycontroloverHungary.SorosworkedfortheJewishCouncilfortwodays,whichhadbeenestablishedduringtheNazioccupationofHungarytoforciblycarryoutNaziandHungariangovernmentanti-Jewishmeasures.SoroslaterdescribedthistimetowriterMichaelLewis:TheJewishCouncilaskedthelittlekidstohandoutthedeportationnotices.IwastoldtogototheJewishCouncil.AndthereIwasgiventhesesmallslipsofpaper...Itsaidreporttotherabbiseminaryat9a.m....AndIwasgiventhislistofnames.Itookthispieceofpapertomyfather.Heinstantlyrecognizedit.ThiswasalistofHungarianJewishlawyers.Hesaid,"Youdelivertheslipsofpaperandtellthepeoplethatiftheyreporttheywillbedeported.Toavoidhisson''sbeingapprehendedbytheNazis,Soros''sfatherpaidaMinistryofAgricultureemployeetohaveSorosspendthesummerof1944livingwithhimandposingasthegodson.YoungSoroshadtohidehisJewishnessevenastheofficialwasoverseeingtheconfiscationofJewishproperty.Inthefollowingyear,SorossurvivedthebattleofBudapestinwhichSoviet,GermanandHungarianforcesfoughthouse-to-housethroughthecity.SorosfirsttradedcurrenciesduringtheHungarianhyperinflationof1945–1946.SorosemigratedtoEnglandin1947andgraduatedfromtheLondonSchoolofEconomicsin1952.WhileastudentofthephilosopherKarlPopper,SorosfundedhimselfbytakingjobsasarailwayporterandawaiteratQuaglino''srestaurantwherehewastoldthatwithhardworkhemightonedaybecomeheadwaiter.Heeventuallysecuredanentry-levelpositionwithLondonmerchantbankSinger&Friedlander.MovetotheUnitedStatesIn1956hemovedtoNewYorkCity,whereheworkedasanarbitragetraderwithF.M.Mayerfrom1956to1959andasananalystwithWertheimandCompanyfrom1959to1963.Throughoutthistime,Sorosdevelopedaphilosophyof"reflexivity"basedontheideasofKarlPopper.Reflexivity,asusedbySoros,isthebeliefthattheactionofbeholdingthevaluationofanymarketbyitsparticipants,affectssaidvaluationofthemarketinaprocyclical''virtuousorvicious''circle.Sorosrealized,however,thathewouldnotmakeanymoneyfromtheconceptofreflexivityuntilhewentintoinvestingonhisown.Hebegantoinvestigatehowtodealininvestments.From1963to1973heworkedatArnholdandS.Bleichroeder,whereheattainedthepositionofvice-president.Sorosfinallyconcludedthathewasabetterinvestorthanhewasaphilosopheroranexecutive.In1967hepersuadedthecompanytosetupanoffshoreinvestmentfund,FirstEagle,forhimtorun;in1969thecompanyfoundedasecondfundforSoros,theDoubleEaglehedgefund.Wheninvestmentregulationsrestrictedhisabilitytorunthefundsashewished,hequithispositionin1973andestablishedaprivateinvestmentcompanythateventuallyevolvedintotheQuantumFund.HehasstatedthathisintentwastoearnenoughmoneyonWallStreettosupporthimselfasanauthorandphilosopher-hecalculatedthat$500,000afterfiveyearswouldbepossibleandadequate.HeisalsoaformermemberoftheCarlyleGroup.BusinessSorosisthefounderofSorosFundManagement.In1970heco-foundedtheQuantumFundwithJimRogers,whichcreatedthebulkoftheSorosfortune.Rogersretiredfromthefundin1980.OtherpartnershaveincludedVictorNiederhofferandStanleyDruckenmiller.Inlate2019,Sorosboughtabout2millionsharesofHalliburton.In2019,theQuantumFundreturnedalmost32%,nettingSoros$2.9billion.CurrencyspeculationOnBlackWednesdaySeptember16,1992,Sorosbecameimmediatelyfamouswhenhesoldshortmorethan$10billionworthofpounds,profitingfromtheBankofEngland''sreluctancetoeitherraiseitsinterestratestolevelscomparabletothoseofotherEuropeanExchangeRateMechanismcountriesortofloatitscurrency.Finally,theBankofEnglandwasforcedtowithdrawthecurrencyfromtheEuropeanExchangeRateMechanismandtodevaluethepoundsterling,andSorosearnedanestimatedUS$1.1billionintheprocess.Hewasdubbed"themanwhobroketheBankofEngland."TheTimesofMonday,October26,1992,quotedSorosassaying:"OurtotalpositionbyBlackWednesdayhadtobeworthalmost$10billion.Weplannedtosellmorethanthat.Infact,whenNormanLamontsaidjustbeforethedevaluationthathewouldborrownearly$15billiontodefendsterling,wewereamusedbecausethatwasabouthowmuchwewantedtosell."AccordingtoStevenDrobny,StanleyDruckenmiller,whotradedunderSoros,originallysawtheweaknessinthepound."Soros''contributionwaspushinghimtotakeagiganticposition,"inaccordwithDruckenmiller''sownresearchandinstincts.In1997,duringtheAsianfinancialcrisis,thenMalaysianPrimeMinisterMahathirbinMohamadaccusedSorosofusingthewealthunderhiscontroltopunishASEANforwelcomingMyanmarasamember.PublicpredictionsSoros''2019book,TheNewParadigmforFinancialMarkets,describesa"superbubble"thathasbuiltupoverthepast25yearsandisnowreadytocollapse.Thisisthethirdinaseriesofbookshe''swrittenthathavepredicteddisaster.Ashestates:Ihavearecordofcryingwolf….IdiditfirstinTheAlchemyofFinancein1987,theninTheCrisisofGlobalCapitalismin1998andnowinthisbook.Soit''sthreebookspredictingdisaster.Aftertheboycriedwolfthreetimes...thewolfreallycame.Heascribeshisownsuccesstobeingabletorecognizewhenhispredictionsarewrong.I''monlyrichbecauseIknowwhenI''mwrong…Ibasicallyhavesurvivedbyrecognizingmymistakes.IveryoftenusedtogetbackachesduetothefactthatIwaswrong.WheneveryouarewrongyouhavetofightorItwasplacedonlifesupport,andit''sstillonlifesupport.There''snosignthatweareanywherenearabottom.InsidertradingconvictionIn1988,hewasaskedtojoinatakeoverattemptoftheFrenchbankSociétéGénérale.Hedeclinedtoparticipateinthebidbutdidlaterbuyanumberofsharesinthecompany.Frenchauthoritiesbegananinvestigationin1989,andin2002aFrenchcourtruledthatitwasinsidertrading,afelonyconvictionasdefinedunderFrenchsecuritieslawsandfinedhim$2.3million,whichwastheamountthathemadeusingtheinsiderinformation.Punitivedamageswerenotsoughtbecauseofthedelayinbringingthecasetotrial.Sorosdeniedanywrongdoingandsaidnewsofthetakeoverwaspublicknowledge.HisinsidertradingconvictionwasupheldbythehighestcourtinFranceonJune14,2019.InDecember,2019heappealedtotheEuropeanCourtofHumanRights,claimingthatthe14-yeardelayinbringingthecasetotrialprecludedafairhearing.SportsIn2019,SorosjoinedagroupofinvestorsseekingtobuytheWashingtonNationalsofMajorLeagueBaseball''sNationalLeague.Althoughhewasonlyaminoritypartner,someRepublicanlawmakerssuggestedthattheymighttamperwithbaseball''santitrustexemptionifSoroshadanyinterestatallinanybaseballteam,includingtheNationals.Ultimately,realestatemagnateTedLernerwasselectedasthenewowner,thoughbaseballstressedthatpoliticalpressurewasnotafactor.In2019,Soros''namewasassociatedwithASRoma,anItaliansoccerteam.SomespeculatedthathehadboughttheclubfromtheSensifamily.However,despiteoffersbytheAmericanbusinessman,theclubwasnotsold.SoroswasalsothemainfinancialbackerofWashingtonSoccerL.P.,thegroupthatownedtheoperatingrightstoMajorLeagueSoccerclubD.C.Unitedwhentheleaguewasfoundedin1995.HedivestedhimselfofUnitedin2000.维基。
边叶宏2019-12-21 18:54:26