感觉相关的就行吧,这是我今天刚交老师的SolidaritytradeThecurrentfairtrademovementwasshapedinEuropeinthe1960s.Fairtradeduringthatperiodwasoftenseenasapoliticalgestureagainstneo-imperialism:radicalstudentmovementsbegantargetingmultinationalcorporationsandconcernsthattraditionalbusinessmodelswerefundamentallyflawedstartedtoemerge.Thesloganatthetime,“TradenotAid”,gainedinternationalrecognitionin1968whenitwasadoptedbytheUNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmenttoputtheemphasisontheestablishmentoffairtraderelationswiththedevelopingworld.Theyear1965sawthecreationofthefirstAlternativeTradingOrganizationATO:thatyear,BritishNGOOxfamlaunched"Helping-by-Selling",aprogramwhichsoldimportedhandicraftsinOxfamstoresintheUKandfrommail-ordercatalogues.In1969,thefirstWorldshopopeneditsdoorsintheNetherlands.Theinitiativeaimedatbringingtheprinciplesoffairtradetotheretailsectorbysellingalmostexclusivelygoodsproducedunderfairtradetermsin“underdevelopedregions”.ThefirstshopwasrunbyvolunteersandwassosuccessfulthatdozensofsimilarshopssoonwentintobusinessintheBeneluxcountries,Germany,andinotherWesternEuropeancountries.Throughoutthe1960sand1970s,importantsegmentsofthefairtrademovementworkedtofindmarketsforproductsfromcountriesthatwereexcludedfromthemainstreamtradingchannelsforpoliticalreasons.ThousandsofvolunteerssoldcoffeefromAngolaandNicaraguainWorldshops,inthebackofchurches,fromtheirhomes,andfromstandsinpublicplaces,usingtheproductsasavehicletodelivertheirmessage:givedisadvantagedproducersindevelopingcountriesafairchanceontheworld’smarket,andsupporttheirself-determinedsustainabledevelopment.Thealternativetrademovementblossomed,ifnotinsales,thenatleastintermsofdozensofATOsbeingestablishedonbothsidesoftheAtlantic,ofscoresofWorldshopsbeingsetup,andofwell-organizedactionsandcampaignsattackingexploitationandforeigndomination,andpromotingtheidealsofNelsonMandela,JuliusNyerere,andtheNicaraguanSandinistas:therighttoindependenceandself-determination,toequitableaccesstotheworld’smarketsandconsumers.团结贸易现今公平贸易运动形塑于1960年代的欧洲,公平贸易于这时期通常被视为一种反抗新帝国主义的政治姿态,基进的学生运动开始关注跨国公司,并出现了一种认为传统商业模式基本上是有缺陷的共识,那时的口号“贸易,而非援助”TradenotAid,被1968年所召开的联合国贸易及发展会议在大西洋两岸成立,同时随着世界商店的扩张,有许多计划性的行动与专案,抨击国际间的剥削与支配的现象,宣扬著曼德拉、朱利叶斯•尼雷尔及尼加拉瓜桑定政权的理念:自主及独立的权利,与接触全球市场及消费者的公平管道。
齐景娥2019-12-21 23:57:14